Systematic Diagnosis and Treatment Principles for Acute Fracture-Related Infections

Acute fracture-related infection (FRI) is a common and serious complication of fracture treatment. The clinical symptoms of the patient and the results of the serological, radiological, and histopathologi-cal examinations can be divided into ‘Confirmatory’ criteria and ‘Suggestive’ criteria, allowing for the diagnosis of FRI. Treatment principles can be broadly categorized into (1) the DAIR (Debridement, Antimicrobial therapy, Implant Retention) method and (2) the staged reconstruction method. The choice of treatment depends on factors such as the time elapsed after infection, stability of the internal fixation device, reduction status, host physiology, and virulence of the pathogens. Thorough surgical debridement and irrigation, ensuring stability at the fracture site, reconstruction of bone defects, and appropriate soft tissue coverage, along with antibiotic therapy, are essential to suppress or eradicate the infection. The restoration of limb function should be promoted through proper soft tissue coverage and bone union at the fracture site.

A Case of Sphincter Pharyngoplasty for Persistent Velopharyngeal Insufficiency After Submucosal Cleft Palate Surgery

Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) is a phenomenon that can occur due to anatomical or neurological causes of the soft palate. VPI can make the patient difficult to articulate through hypernasality and nasal emission. There has been needed the customized treatment, as VPI can occur for many causes. We present the case of 21-year-old male who took palate plastic surgery 20 years ago for congenital submucosal cleft palate. As he had poor contraction of both lateral side of velopharynx, he was diagnosed with coronal type VPI. Through sphincter pharyngoplasty, he can obtain improvement of articulation accuracy. We would like to share this challenged case.

Predictive Factors for the Efficacy of Voice Therapy for Pediatric Vocal Fold Nodule

Background and Objectives@#Voice therapy (VT) is considered to be the gold standard of treatment of vocal fold nodule in children. This study was designed to analyze the success rate of pediatric VT and investigate the predictive factors for good response of periatic VT for vocal fold nodule.Materials and Method This was a retrospective cohort study of 23 patients under 18 years old who were diagnosed with vocal fold nodule and received pediatric VT. We divided the patients into responding and non-responding groups. We analyzed clinical and voice parameters related to the voice results. @*Results@#Twelve patients showed improved findings after VT. By univariate analysis, female patients (85.7%) and adolescence children (100%) showed a good response to VT. In multivariate analysis, female sex (p<0.05) and adolescence children (p<0.05) were significantly related to a successful voice response. Proton pump inhibitor or antihistamine, mucolytics treatment and pre-VT voice parameters did not significantly influence voice outcomes. @*Conclusion@#Pediatric VT is more effective in female and adolescence children.

Novel Animal Model of Oral Dysphagia Following Hemiglossectomy / 대한연하장애학회지

Objective@#This study aimed to establish an animal model of oral dysphagia for translational research purposes. @*Methods@#Four week old C57BL/6 mice were randomized to a surgical partial glossectomy group (horizontal resection, n=13 vs. vertical resection, n=15) and a nonsurgical group (control, n=7). The survival rate, mouse weight, amount of food, and water consumption were compared. Comparisons were made using a Kruskall Wallis test, and survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method. @*Results@#Eleven of the 13 (84.6%) horizontal resection animals and 11 of the 15 (73.3%) vertical resection animals survived to the study endpoint. Compared to the non-surgical control mice, the mice that had undergone a horizontal and vertical resection had a significantly lower mean body weight (P＜0.05) during experimental day (ED) 5, with the greatest dysphagia observed in ED 2. The horizontal resection-type mice showed greater mean body weight loss and food consumption in the early stages of the experiment than the vertical resection-type mice. In contrast, the horizontal resection-type mice showed greater body weight gain and food consumption in the late stages of the experiment. @*Conclusion@#This study provides novel evidence that the proper timing for an animal model of oral dysphagia was within ED 5; severe dysphagia was observed in ED 2. The horizontal-type partial glossectomy had a better survival rate than the vertical-type model. Furthermore, the prolonged dysphagia model mimics the vertical resection-type mice.

Biostatistics for Multiple Testing / 대한이비인후과학회지

Multiple testings are instances that contain simultaneous tests for more than one hypothesis. When multiple testings are conducted at the same time, it is more likely that the null hypothesis is rejected, even if the null hypothesis is correct. If individual hypothesis decisions are based on unadjusted p-values, it is usually more likely that some of the true null hypotheses will be rejected. In order to solve the multiple testing problems, various studies have attempted to increase the power by taking into account the family-wise error rate or false discovery rate and statistics required for testing hypotheses. This article discuss methods that account for the multiplicity issue and introduces various statistical techniques.

Diagnostic Role of Parotid Computed Tomography for Identifying Sjögren’s Syndrome / 대한이비인후과학회지

Background and Objectives@#Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of exocrine glands characterized by dry mouth and eye. Recently, ultrasonography has become a valuable tool for the assessment of salivary gland involvement in SS although studies on the usefulness of salivary gland CT is rare. In this regard, we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of parotid gland CT for SS.Subjects and Method A total of 91 patients with sicca symptoms took a parotid CT, a serology test, an ophthalmologic examination and a minor salivary gland biopsy. At the end, as a standard, we diagnosed the primary SS according to the new 2016 American College of Rheumatology/ European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria. The diagnostic value of parotid CT was compared by the McNemar test. @*Results@#Of the total of 91 patients with parotid CT, 37 (40.7%) patients met the SS classification criteria. On the parotid CT, heterogeneity of the parotid gland has the sensitivity of 74.1%, specificity of 70.3%, and accuracy of 71.4%. The abnormal fat tissue deposition showed the sensitivity of 74.1%, specificity of 81.3%, and accuracy of 79.1%. Diffuse calcification was seen in 1/91 SS patients (sensitivity 3.7%, specificity 100%, accuracy 71.4%). @*Conclusion@#Parotid CT is helpful for the diagnosis of SS. The presence of heterogeneity and fat tissue deposition are highly sensitive for the accuracy of SS. Diffuse calcification in bilateral parotid glands is highly specific for SS.

Hyaluronic Acid/Alginate Hydrogel Containing Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Promotion of Vocal Fold Wound Healing

BACKGROUND@#Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to facilitate vocal fold (VF) wound healing. This study was undertaken to determine whether the therapeutic efficacy of HGF could be enhanced by applying it in hyaluronic acid and alginate (HA/ALG) composite hydrogels into VFs after injury in a rabbit model. @*METHODS@#HGF was loaded into HA/ALG composite hydrogel (HGF–HA/ALG) and its in vitro release profile was evaluated. In addition, HGF–HA/ALG was injected into the VFs of rabbits immediately after direct injury and HGF or PBS was injected in the same manner into control groups. Macroscopic features were observed by endoscopy at 3 months postinjury. Functional analyses including mucosal waves of VFs and viscoelastic properties were performed by kymography following high-speed digital imaging and rheometer. Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations were also conducted on VFs. @*RESULTS@#HGF release from HGF–HA/ALG was sustained for up to 3 weeks. Rabbits treated with HGF–HA/ALG showed improved mucosal vibrations and VF viscoelastic properties as compared with the PBS and HGF controls.Histopathological staining revealed HGF–HA/ALG treated VFs showed less fibrosis than PBS and HGF controls, and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated amounts of type I collagen and fibronectin were lower in HGF–HA/ALG treated animals than in PBS and HGF controls at 3 months post-injury. @*CONCLUSION@#HGF containing HA/ALG hydrogel enhanced healing in our rabbit model of VF injury.

Hyaluronic Acid/Alginate Hydrogel Containing Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Promotion of Vocal Fold Wound Healing

BACKGROUND@#Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to facilitate vocal fold (VF) wound healing. This study was undertaken to determine whether the therapeutic efficacy of HGF could be enhanced by applying it in hyaluronic acid and alginate (HA/ALG) composite hydrogels into VFs after injury in a rabbit model. @*METHODS@#HGF was loaded into HA/ALG composite hydrogel (HGF–HA/ALG) and its in vitro release profile was evaluated. In addition, HGF–HA/ALG was injected into the VFs of rabbits immediately after direct injury and HGF or PBS was injected in the same manner into control groups. Macroscopic features were observed by endoscopy at 3 months postinjury. Functional analyses including mucosal waves of VFs and viscoelastic properties were performed by kymography following high-speed digital imaging and rheometer. Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations were also conducted on VFs. @*RESULTS@#HGF release from HGF–HA/ALG was sustained for up to 3 weeks. Rabbits treated with HGF–HA/ALG showed improved mucosal vibrations and VF viscoelastic properties as compared with the PBS and HGF controls.Histopathological staining revealed HGF–HA/ALG treated VFs showed less fibrosis than PBS and HGF controls, and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated amounts of type I collagen and fibronectin were lower in HGF–HA/ALG treated animals than in PBS and HGF controls at 3 months post-injury. @*CONCLUSION@#HGF containing HA/ALG hydrogel enhanced healing in our rabbit model of VF injury.

Guidelines for the Surgical Management of Oral Cancer: Korean Society of Thyroid-Head and Neck Surgery

Korean Society of Thyroid-Head and Neck Surgery appointed a Task Force to provide guidance on the implementation of a surgical treatment of oral cancer. MEDLINE databases were searched for articles on subjects related to “surgical management of oral cancer” published in English. Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. The quality of evidence was rated with use RoBANS (Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies) and AMSTAR (A Measurement Tool to Assess the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews). Evidence-based recommendations for practice were ranked according to the American College of Physicians grading system. Additional directives are provided as expert opinions and Delphi questionnaire when insufficient evidence existed. The Committee developed 68 evidence-based recommendations in 34 categories intended to assist clinicians and patients and counselors, and health policy-makers. Proper surgical treatment selection for oral cancer, which is directed by patient- and subsite-specific factors, remains the greatest predictor of successful treatment outcomes. These guidelines are intended for use in conjunction with the individual patient's treatment goals.

Development of the Three-Dimensional Perfusion Culture Technology for the Salivary Ductal Cells

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Salivary hypofunction is one of the common side effects after radioiodine therapy, and its pathophysiology is salivary ductal stenosis resulting from ductal cell injury. This study aimed to develop the functional culture environment of human parotid gland ductal cells in in vitro three-dimensional perfusion culture system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared plastic dish culture method and three-dimensional culture system containing Matrigel and nanofiber. Morphogenesis of reconstituted salivary structures was assessed by histomorphometry. Functional characteristics were assessed by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (aquaporin 5, CK7, CK18, connexin 43, and p21). In addition, we designed the media perfusion culture system and identified higher rate of cell proliferation and expression of connexin 43 in perfusion system comparing to dish. RESULTS: Human parotid ductal cells were well proliferated with the ductal cell characters under environment with Matrigel. In the presence of Matrigel, aquaporin 5, CK18 and connexin 43 were more expressed than 2D dish and 3D nanofiber setting. In the media perfusion culture system, ductal cells in 3D culture media showed higher cells count and connexin 43 expression compared to 2D dish. CONCLUSION: This in vitro ductal cell perfusion culture system using Matrigel could be used to study for radioiodine induced sialadenitis model in vivo.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Xerostomia / 대한이비인후과학회지

Xerostomia is a subjective sensation of a dry mouth which is frequently encountered in otorhinolaryngologic practice. There are a variety of salivary and nonsalivary causes of xerostomia such as side effects of medication, systemic disorders, radiation and Sjögren's syndrome. The patients with xerostomia have difficulties in chewing, swallowing, speaking, tasting and mataining oral hygiene. Because of the ageing population, and the concomitant increase in medicated individuals, otorhinolaryngologists can expect to be presented with xerostomia in an increasing number of patients in the coming years and therefore should be familiar with its diagnosis and treatment. A systematic approach should be needed to determine the etiology of xerostomia and the management of xerostomia should be multidisciplinary and multimodal. This review summarizes the current literature on the diagnosis, and complications of xerostomia, and on the management of patients with xerostomia.

Usefulness of Magnetic Resonance Sialography for Diagnosis of Idiopathic Chronic Sialadenitis / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The symptoms of salivary diseasess are often nonspecific, and a variety of investigative methods can be employed. Conventional sialography, which is still widely used for diagnosis of salivary ductal pathologies, has the withdrawback of invasiveness and radiation exposure, and thus ultrasound and magnetic resonance (MR) sialography can replace the conventional tools. This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of MR sialography for the diagnosis of idiopathic chronic sialadenitis. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: From November 2013 to June 2014, we have retrospectively analyzed 26 patients who have had swelling and pain of salivary glands and undergone MR sialography for further diagnosis of the idiopathic salivary obstructive symptom. We analyzed the symptom scores, salivary flow rate (SFR) and parameters of salivary gland scintigraphy. Then we evaluated correlation among MR sialography findings (duct visualization, grade of stenosis at main duct, degree of sialectasis and glandular volume size). RESULTS: Among the 26 patients, stenosis of salivary duct was observed in 14 patients (53.8%), chronic sialadenitis without stenosis in 6 patients (23.1%), Sjogren's syndrome in 3 patients (11.5%), Juvenile reccutent parotitis in 1 patient (3.8%), and 2 patients were norma (7.7%). The degree of sialectasis was significantly correlated with Tmin (time interval, in minutes, from stimulation to minimum count), maximum secretion (p<0.05), and glandular volume size was also significantly correlated with unstimulated SFR (p<0.05). But others did not show any significant correlations. From these findings, we report three cases that were useful to diagnose the gland disease using MR sialography. CONCLUSION: Resutls show that MR sialogarphy indirectly reflects the salivary gland function. Therefore MR sialography can be helpful when the differential diagnosis of idiopathic chronic sialadenitis is difficult with conventional tools.

A Case of Migrated of Foreign Body Induced Thyroid Abscess / 대한이비인후과학회지

Foreign bodies in the laryngopharynx and esophagus are common diagnoses in the clinic of otolaryngology department. There are various types of foreign bodies in the laryngopharynx and esophagus depending on environmental and individual features. Fish bones are the most common type of foreign body in the laryngopharynx and esophagus in Korea. Most of them can be found on inspection or by using a laryngoscope and removed easily. Although foreign bodies are rarely known to migrate from the laryngopharynx and esophagus to the thyroid gland for abscess formation, physicians must be cautious as sometimes they can migrate to other tissues. We describe a case of 53-year-old women with thyroid gland abscess formation due to migrated foreign bodies she had swallowed.

Radioprotective Effect of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on Salivary Gland Dysfunction After Radioiodine Ablation in a Murine Model

OBJECTIVES: Radioiodine (RI) therapy is known to subject cellular components of salivary glands (SG) to oxidative stress leading to SG dysfunction. However, the protective effects of antioxidants on RI-induced SG damage have not been well investigated. The authors investigated the morphometric and functional effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) administered prior to RI therapy and compared this with the effects of amifostine (a well-known antioxidant) in a murine model of RI sialadenitis. METHODS: Four-week-old female C57BL/6 mice (n=48) were divided into four groups; a normal control group, a RI-treated group (0.01 mCi/g mouse, orally), an EGCG and RI-treated group, and an amifostine and RI-treated group. Animals in these groups were divided into 3 subgroups and euthanized at 15, 30, and 90 days post-RI treatment. Salivary flow rates and lag times were measured, and morphologic and histologic examinations and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUDP nick end labeling) assays were performed. Changes in salivary (99m)Tc pertechnetate uptake and excretion were followed by single-photon emission computed tomography. RESULTS: Salivary flow rates and lag times to salivation in the EGCG or amifostine groups were better than in the RI-treated group. Histologic examinations of SGs in the EGCG or amifostine group showed more mucin-rich parenchyma and less periductal fibrosis than in the RI-treated group. Fewer apoptotic cells were observed in acini, ducts, and among endothelial cells in the EGCG or amifostine group than in the RI group. In addition, patterns of (99m)Tc pertechnetate excretion were quite different in the EGCG or amifostine group than in the RI group. CONCLUSION: EGCG supplementation before RI therapy could protect from RI-induced SG damage in a manner comparable to amifostine, and thus, offers a possible means of preventing SG damage by RI.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Internet Gaming Disorder : Clinical and Neurobiological Assessments / 신경정신의학

A growing body of evidence supports that Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is considered as ‘behavioral addiction’ with neurobiological alterations. We have reviewed previous research into the clinical and neurobiological features of IGD, and suggest a flowchart for the comprehensive evaluation of IGD. Several self-rating screening tests based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, 5th edition (DSM-5) IGD criteria were developed. IGD is often comorbid with depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and smartphone addiction. Individuals with IGD are prone to act impulsively and make risky decisions, especially in response to game-related cues. Functional neuroimaging results have shown altered functional activities in prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, superior temporal gyrus and nucleus accumbens (NAc). Structural neuroimaging demonstrated gray matter volume changes in prefrontal cortex and NAc, while showing white matter integrity disruption in thalamus and posterior cingulate cortex. There are few evidences on the attribution of specific genes to IGD. To evaluate IGD comprehensively, self-rating scales based on DSM-5 are useful, but a diagnostic interview by a clinician is more helpful to assess functional impairments of IGD. Presence of psychiatric comorbidities such as depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder, ADHD, and smartphone addiction should be evaluated. Neurocognitive tests that assess impulsivity, decision-making under risk, and cue-reactivity are helpful when planning individualized IGD treatment.

Two Cases of Cervical Emphysema after Tonsillectomy / 대한이비인후과학회지

Although tonsillectomy is a common surgical procedure in the otolaryngological department, subcutaneous emphysema after tonsillectomy is a rare complication. While most of the cases are benign and self-limiting, severe sequelae, such as tracheal compression, pneumopericardium, are possible. We present two patients with cervical emphysema after tonsillectomy, and focus on explaining the possible pathologic mechanisms, diagnosis, appropriate management, and nature course of cervical emphysema after tonsillectomy.

A Case of Cervical Thoracic Duct Cyst / 대한이비인후과학회지

Thoracic duct cysts are very rare. They are usually asymptomatic but sometimes cause compressive effects on structures near them due to enlarged supraclavicular mass. The etiology of thoracic duct cysts is not fully understood, but the possibility of congenital weakness or atherosclerotic changes of ductal wall, trauma, and inflammatory reactions have been suggested. Although image studies are helpful, the excision of mass and the histological studies are needed for definite diagnosis. We now report this extremely rare case of cervical thoracic duct cyst in the left supraclavicular fossa, including its diagnostic methods and pathogenesis.

Regeneration of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve using Polycaprolactone (PCL) Nerve Guide Conduit Coated with Conductive Materials / 대한갑상선학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) damage commonly occurs from a thyroid surgery and causes communication impairment, aspiration and dysphagia. The purpose of this study is to develop a polycaprolactone (PCL) nerve guide conduit (NGC) coated with conductive materials for facilitating regeneration from the RLN defects and to evaluate the usefulness of the PCL NGC coated with conductive materials in a rabbit model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The PCL NGCs coated with conductive materials were fabricated for this study. The types of conductive materials were single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) which were coated on the PCL NGCs by layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly techniques. An 8-mm segment of left RLN was resected in 24 New Zealand white rabbits. Three different NGCs (PCL and PCL with two conductive materials) were interposed between both stumps and fixed with suture. For the assessment of functional regeneration, the vocal cord mobility was observed using endoscopic system after RLN stimulation, and the motion change was analyzed. The atrophies of thyroarytenoid muscle and nerve growth were evaluated by Hematoxylin-Eosin (H-E) and toluidine blue (T-B) staining, respectively. Immunohistochemical study using anti-neurofilament, S-100 staining was further performed to evaluate the nerve regeneration. RESULTS: In endoscopic evaluation, the group with conductive PCL NGCs showed an improved tendency of vocal cord mobility compared to that of the other group. Nerve growth was observed with the time for 8 weeks in all groups and immunohistochemical staining revealed the expression of neurofilament and S-100 in regenerated nerve in all groups. The atrophies of thyroarytenoid muscle in the group with conductive PCL NGCs was also shown to be decreased compared to that of the nonconductive PCL NGC group. CONCLUSION: The study shows that PCL NGC coated with conductive materials appears to be a good alternative option for the repair and regeneration of RNL damages.

A Case of Myofibroblastoma in the Submandibular Region / 대한이비인후과학회지

Myofibroblastoma of the mammary type is a benign breast mesenchymal tumor. It occurs commonly in the breast, but very rarely at extra mammary sites. The extra mammary myofibroblastoma is usually located on the embryonic milkline, which is extremely rare in the head and neck area. We report the case of a 14-year-old boy who was diagnosed with mammary type myofibroblastoma in the submandibular region. In this study, we focus on the clinicopathologic features of this unusual tumor along with the literature review.

A Case of Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia Successfully Managed after Tonsillectomy / 임상소아혈액종양

Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare autosomal recessive disease and platelet function disorder, in which platelet membrane GP IIb/ IIIa complex is defective and platelet aggregation is undeveloped. GT is characterized by mucocutaneous hemorrhages, such as, epistaxis, purpura, gingival bleeding, and menorrhagia, severe bleeding complications during surgery. We report the case of a 6-year-old boy with GT who underwent tonsillectomy. Here, we focus on perioperative hemostatic management using recombinant factor VIIa, fibrin glue and hemostat materials.